Describe the impact of neurotransmitter, cortisol, dopamine, serotonin levels, the impact to the hippocampus and a clear explanation about how each act regarding long-term trauma.

How does trauma affect neurotransmitters?

PTSD is the injury from intense psychological and/or physical stress. In response to stress, the body will increase cortisol and catecholamine (excitatory neurotransmitters: dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine) secretion to prepare for fighting or fleeing from the stressor.

Include a minimum of two peer reviewed scholarly resources within past 5 years.


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