Describe the process of renal filtration

Describe the process of renal filtration, reabsorption, and secretion in the nephron, highlighting the role of each segment in maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance. Begin by outlining glomerular filtration, where blood pressure forces water, ions, and small molecules out of the glomerular capillaries into Bowman’s capsule. Elaborate on the selective reabsorption of essential substances such as glucose, amino acids, and ions in the proximal convoluted tubule, facilitated by active transport mechanisms. Then, discuss the regulation of water and electrolyte balance through the loop of Henle and the distal convoluted tubule, including the secretion of ions and the reabsorption of water under hormonal control. Finally, explain the role of the collecting duct in fine-tuning urine composition and volume before excretion.