What are the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of neurodegenerative disorders

What are the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and how can interdisciplinary research efforts in neuroscience, genetics, and immunology pave the way for innovative disease-modifying treatments and early diagnostic biomarkers to address the growing burden of age-related cognitive decline?